松毛虫防控技术

本文介绍了绑毒绳、胶带缠绕法和诱虫灯捕杀成虫等防控技术。     

晋北半干旱风沙区长柄扁桃引种试验

在比长柄扁桃种源地更加寒冷、干旱的晋北半干旱风沙区开展长柄扁桃引种试验,结果表明,造林成活率在不浇水条件下达到91. 67%,苗木根系发育良好,新梢生长旺盛,实现了育苗技术本土化。长柄扁桃表现出优良的抗逆性,能够适应晋北半干旱风沙区的气候。     

Comparison of four methods for estimating leaf area index based on terrestrial three-dimensional laser scanning

The leaf area index (LAI) of 16 sample plots was estimated based on terrestrial three-dimensional laser scanning. The point-cloud data of stand canopy were first scaled and projected onto a hemisphere according to Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection or stereographic projection, and the resulting hemispherical point-cloud images were used to extract the canopy porosity coefficients. Then, single-angle inversion and Miller formula inversion methods were used, respectively, to calculate the effective leaf area indices with canopy porosity coefficients. Results showed that the effective LAIs estimated by single-angle inversion method with Lambert projection and stereographic projection were within the range of 2.14~5.36 and 1.83~4.67, respectively. The effective LAIs obtained by Miller formula inversion method with Lambert projection and stereographic projection were within the range of 1.84~4.67 and 1.68~4.34, respectively. As a comparison, the LAI measured with a fish-eye camera ranged from 1.55 to 3.87. The LAI values estimated with four different calculation methods were linearly correlated with those measured by a fish-eye camera. The highest coefficient of determination (R²) 90.28% was obtained by the Miller formula inversion method combined with stereographic projection, and Duncan’s new multiple range test also further showed that this method had a relatively higher precision compared to other three methods.     

Carbon dioxide sequestration capability of an unmanaged old-growth broadleaf deciduous forest in a Strict Nature Reserve

The seasonal trend of plant carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration is related to the photosynthetic activity, which in turn changes in response to environmental conditions. Great interest has turned to the CO₂ sequestration (CS) potential of temperate forests which play an important role in global carbon (C) cycle contributing to the lowering of atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In such context, the CS of an unmanaged old broad-leaf deciduous forest developing inside a Strict Nature Reserve, and its variations during the year were analyzed considering the monthly variations of leaf area index (LAI) and net photosynthetic rates (N_P). Overall, the total yearly CS of the forest was 141 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 year^?1 with the highest CS value monitored in June (405 Mg CO₂ month^?1) due to the highest LAI (5.0 ± 0.8 m² m^?2) and a high N_P in all the broadleaf species. The first CS decline was observed in August due to the more stressful climatic conditions that constrained N_P rates. Overall, the total CS of the forest reflects the good ecological health of the ecosystem due to its conservative management.     

Protected area co-management and land use conflicts adjacent to Phu Kao – Phu Phan Kham National Park,Thailand

This study examined land use conflicts between three villages and Phu Kao – Phu Phan Kham National Park in northeast Thailand that resulted from its access and utilization during 2013–2015. The source of conflict is usufruct rights, a government entitlement program designed to honor villagers who lived on the land before it was established as a national park or forest reserve. Ironically, designation of protected areas is not a safeguard for biodiversity. A complex set of rules and regulations control access to resources, but compliance is subject to government oversight and economic pressure to improve quality of life. Granting usufruct rights may reduce certain land use conflicts, but they fail to address agricultural expansion inside park and forest boundaries. For example, agricultural encroachment in this protected area increased by 13.1% during the study period, mainly through cassava plantings. Cassava requires a small amount of maintenance and has a high market value since it is being promoted as an energy crop by the Thai government. A variety of management strategies are needed for sustainable forestry, such as regular forest patrols, reduction of agricultural-based income, and community-based initiatives.     

云南野生动物园食草动物区植物景观配置改造策略

以云南野生动物园食草动物区为研究对象,在调查分析基础上,依据动物的生活习性将园区划分为林区、草原区、草甸和荒漠区、水域区4个功能区。阐述植物景观在野生动物园展区中的功能转换,遵循以动物为主体、以模拟生境为核心的景观改造方略,并结合游人游览和观赏需求,对云南野生动物园食草动物区的4个功能区提出具体的植物景观配置改造方案。     

豫东南沙地4种人工林土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布研究

为探究林分类型对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特性的影响,以豫东南沙地4种典型人工林(桂花、合欢、栾树和女贞)为研究对象,通过野外调查、取土壤样品和室内试验对土壤团聚体和有机碳进行测定、分析。结果表明,①4种林分类型下土壤大团聚体(>0.25mm)含量最高,占林地土壤总团聚体的69.63%%~97.30%,粒径0.25~0.15mm团聚体含量最低,且不同林分类型下各层土壤团聚体的质量分数呈现不同的差异。②表层(0~10cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均表现为栾树>合欢>桂花>女贞,分形维数(D)排序则与之相反,变化范围为2.515~1.653,栾树的土壤结构稳定性最强。③随土壤团聚体粒径的减小,4种林分土壤有机碳含量总体上呈现先升后降趋势,土壤剖面上也表现出随土层加深而下降。不同林分类型下,土壤有机碳含量差异性表现为合欢最高,栾树最低,变化范围分别为45.76~7.65和17.78~3.49g/kg。④回归分析表明,女贞林分下土壤大团聚体与有机碳含量相关性最强,土壤有机碳可解释17.5%土壤大团聚体含量的变化。研究得出该地区栾树林下土壤团聚体稳定性较强,合欢林下土壤有机碳含量最高。     

喀斯特槽谷区的顺/逆层坡面对水动力学参数的影响

喀斯特槽谷区不仅存在地上/地下双层空间结构,还存在典型顺/逆层坡两种特殊的地质构造,因此研究喀斯特槽谷区两翼坡面水流移动规律具有重要意义。根据野外调查结果,在喀斯特槽谷区临界坡度25°条件下进行人工模拟降雨试验,采用顺/逆层坡岩层倾角(30°、60°和90°)和3种雨强(30、60和90 mm·h~(-1))作为变量因子,并以裸坡作为对照因子,研究喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面水动力参数特征。结果表明:喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡主要以薄层浅流为主,顺层坡的岩层倾角越大则坡面流速越小,逆层坡则以岩层倾角60°为临界点,裸坡的流速均大于顺/逆层坡。对于喀斯特槽谷区顺层坡而言,其雷诺数Re和佛汝德数Fr均大于逆层坡而小于裸坡,阻力系数f均小于逆层坡而大于裸坡。雷诺数Re和阻力系数f两个参数呈显著的幂函数正相关关系。地表累积径流量分配比例大小排序为裸坡顺层坡逆层坡,地下累积径流量分配比例为逆层坡裸坡顺层坡。本研究可为喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡的坡面的土壤侵蚀预报模型提供科学依据。     

基于随机森林回归的玉米单产估测

为了提高玉米单产估测精度,以河北省中部平原为研究区域,以条件植被温度指数(VTCI)和上包络线S-G滤波的叶面积指数(LAI)为特征变量,通过随机森林回归确定玉米主要生育时期VTCI和LAI的权重,构建加权VTCI和LAI与玉米单产的单变量和双变量估产模型。结果表明,基于随机森林回归的双变量估产模型精度最高(R~2=0. 303),达极显著水平(P 0. 001)。将随机森林回归双变量估产模型用于研究区域2012年各县(区)玉米单产估测,结果表明,53个县(区)玉米估测单产与实际单产的平均相对误差为9. 85%,均方根误差为824. 77 kg/hm~2,模型精度较高。基于随机森林回归双变量估产模型逐像素估测研究区域2010—2018年玉米单产,结果表明,玉米单产在空间上的分布特征为西部地区最高、北部和南部次之、东部地区最低,年际间的分布特征为在波动中呈先减少后增加的趋势。     

基于作物生长监测诊断仪的玉米LAI监测模型研究

为探索作物生长监测诊断仪（CGMD-402型）在作物长势监测应用中的精准性与适用性,连续2年在不同氮肥水平下进行不同玉米品种的实验。使用作物生长监测诊断仪采集冠层归一化差值植被指数（Normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI）、比值植被指数（Ratio vegetation index,RVI）,并同步以ASD FR-2500型野外高光谱辐射测量仪获取冠层光谱反射率,构建NDVI、RVI高光谱植被指数;通过对比两种仪器获取的植被指数特征及其定量关系,评价CGMD-402型作物生长监测诊断仪监测精度;基于CGMD-402型作物生长监测诊断仪获取的NDVI、RVI,建立叶面积指数（Leaf area index,LAI）监测模型,并对模型监测精度进行验证。结果表明：玉米冠层NDVI、RVI随施氮量增加而增加,增加幅度分别为8.20%~36.59%、4.40%~25.16%;CGMD-402型作物生长监测诊断仪与ASD FR-2500型野外高光谱辐射测量仪获取的NDVI、RVI相关系数分别为0.991、0.985,决定系数分别为0.983、0.969,说明CGMD-402型作物生长监测诊断仪具有较高的监测精度,可替代ASD FR-2500型野外高光谱辐射测量仪获取NDVI、RVI指数;利用CGMD-402型作物生长监测诊断仪获取NDVI、RVI,建立LAI监测模型的决定系数分别为0.911、0.898;以独立数据对模型精度进行验证,模型预测值与田间实测值间决定系数分别为0.963、0.954,相对误差分别为6.65%、9.37%,表明二者具有高度一致性。研究表明,利用作物生长监测诊断仪能有效监测玉米不同品种LAI动态变化,可以替代AccuPARLP-80型植物冠层分析仪获取玉米LAI数据。